Friday, December 27, 2019

Essay about A Psychoanalytical Look at Jim Burden in My...

A psychoanalytical look at the characters of My Antonia provides a better understanding of action vs. intent of each individual, particularly Jim Burden. The introduction prepares the reader by laying out a profile of Jim. Without the understanding of the origin of the novel the reader would not be able to assess the true meaning of the novel nor would they really grasp the concepts and issues that are being discussed through the story itself. So, with this essay I will bring together the importance of the introduction and how it correlates to Jims search for a parental role. Jim Burden is one of the more complex characters that any one reader will ever encounter. His abandonment issues and just his whole†¦show more content†¦He and Antonia, a neighbor girl, enjoy the ecstasy which nature can afford to them. And he develops a profound affection with Antonia. Moreover, he feels the happiness of being dissolved into something complete and great (Cather 14). It shows Jims intimate relation with nature. However, seasons change. When boys and girls are growing up, life cant stand still . . . . They have to grow up, whether they will or no (Cather 124). So when Jim is old enough to go to high school, the Burden family moves to a nearby town, Black Hawk. Jim says good-bye to childhood and nature, but, when Antonia also comes to town as a helper for the Harlings, he still keeps a close relation with Antonia. However, one night in order to protect Antonia from Wick Cutters sexual attack, Jim sleeps in Antonias bed and is attacked by Mr. Cut ter. He is frightened and runs away. Having finished the studies in high school, Jim makes another journey moving from Black Hawk to Lincoln to receive college education. There not only nature but also Antonia seems to him so far away, but Jim misses them all and awaits a return to her. Before going to Harvard, Jim goes back to his home town and pays a visit to Antonia. After this brief visit to his country home, Jim goes to Harvard for advanced study and does not return until about twenty years after. The middle-age Jim goes

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Explain the Difference Between Narrow and Preference...

Explain the difference between narrow and preference hedonism. Which is a more plausible theory of happiness? 1. Introduction (250) Happiness belongs to Hedonism. If one experience more happiness during life, his life will be better. The more happiness you experience, the better your life is. There are actually two schools of thought here, Narrow Hedonism and Preference Hedonism, each with its own definition of happiness. Narrow Hedonism deems happiness a homogeneous state of pleasure, while Preference Hedonism expands the definition to include any state of mind favored by the individual, including pain (yes, pain is happiness, for some). However, the two schools are united in their focus on mental states, which as you will see is a†¦show more content†¦Finally, the nonhedonistic accounts are adequate if not superior on grounds of practical and theoretical utility, quite apart from their superior conformity to the folk notion of happiness.( Daniel M. Haybron, 2001) 2.1 Narrow hedonism (250) Narrow Hedonism: The good for a person (â€Å"pleasure†) and bad for a person (â€Å"pain†) consists of subjective experiences that are commensurable/comparable in some pretty straightforward sense; they vary mostly in intensity, duration, etc. This view is associated with Bentham. The true hedonist is tracking the narrow path between pain and pleasure, not wanting pleasure so much that it is a pain of loss not to have it, and not seeking it too much, accepting and enjoying what does arrive. Narrow Hedonists assume, fasely, that pleasure and pain are two distinctive kinds of experience. Compare the pleasures of satisfying an intense thirst or lust, listening to music, solving an untellectual problem, reading a tradegy, and knowing that one’s child is happy. These varioous experiences do not contain any distinctive common quality. What pains and pleasures have in comon are their relations to our desires. Jeremy Bentham (1970) was probably the most notorious proponent of hedonism. He espouses a type of hedonism that Derek Parfit dubs narrow hedonism. Bentham holds that pleasure is what is good for humans; pain is bad. He says, in

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Music in My Life Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Music in My Life Persuasive Essay Music has been a huge part of my life for many years, ever since I decided that I wanted to play guitar my freshman year of high school. My friend said he would teach me how to play, but he told me that I should listen to lots of music first. I dug through my parents’ CD collection and pulled out a Green Day album titled â€Å"American Idiot. † That is when my extreme love for music was born. We never really got started with the guitar lessons, and I still haven’t learned how to play guitar, but now I am very passionate about all music. Every song is beautiful in its own way, because it is an expression of human emotion. I used to take piano lessons for a couple years, but I had to quit because life was very busy, and it still is. I can play a few good songs on piano, but I never really became good at playing like my brother. My brother is quite the piano player. I started to teach myself guitar at the beginning of my senior year in high school, but as I said my life has been quite hectic, and I am not good at practicing regularly. I joined choir at the beginning of my senior year as well, and that has been one of the most amazing experiences I have ever been through. The songs we sing in choir are all very beautiful, and something about all of the excellent, talented voices in the room singing in unison sends chills down my spine. I am not too good at reading music and singing the note straight from the sheet music, however. I need to hear the notes played on piano to sing it correctly. It also takes me a while to read the notes and name which note they are and what key the music piece is in. Though I am not too good at reading music, I am very good at listening to it. Then again, who isn’t? I enjoy listening to many different types of music. Music like funk rock gets me into that sort of mood where I just feel good. It’s not a feeling of happiness, but more like a feeling of enjoying myself at the time. Punk rock can make me feel sort of pumped up and ready to roll. Classical rock is a music genre that I like to listen to when I am happy, and it keeps me feeling happy as I listen to it. Indie rock usually gives me a feeling of happiness as well, but it’s also motivational to me. It makes me feel like I can take on the world and overcome my future challenges. I love listening to different types of music, because they affect my mood in many different ways. Sometimes they can help me feel better and sometimes they help me think. This is one of the musical concepts that I am very interested in. The way that music affects our minds is so astonishing to me. I want to learn how and why music does this. I am taking this course because I want to learn the basics of music so I can learn how to play and sing better than I am now. I want to memorize the notes by heart and by ear so I will have an easier time trying to sing or play an instrument. I also want to learn the many chords, and learn which chord or chord combinations will sound good together and create a certain feeling. I have only just scraped the surface of music now, but I hope to learn much more about music in the future. This class is the first step to the advancement into the field of music.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Rite Aid Case Essay Sample free essay sample

Rite Aid has more than 4. 900 shops in over 30 one provinces. but it all started with merely one. September 1962. Thrif D Discount Center in Scranton. Pennsylvania opened. What started as a shop forepart. expanded efficiently. By 1965. Thrif D Discount Center had expanded to five provinces and was officially named Rite Aid Corporation. It was in this twelvemonth that the company made its first public offering and started merchandising on the American Stock Exchange. Business was booming for the company. by 1972 Rite Aid operated 267 shops in 10 provinces. By 1981. Rite Aid had become the 3rd largest retail apothecarys shop concatenation in the state. in 1983. the company had surpassed the $ 1 billion gross revenues grade for the first clip. Twenty five old ages after opening its first shop. Rite Aid had acquired 420 shops. Rite Aid has been pinnacle in acquisitions throughout its history. Thrifty PayLess Holdings. Incorporated. K A ; B. PCS Health Systems. and Brooks Eckerd are all companies that have been a portion of the overplus of Rite Aid acquisitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Rite Aid Case Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"In January 1999. Rite Aid formed a strategic partnership with General Nutrition Companies. Incorporated. the largest forte retail merchant of vitamins. mineral addendums. athleticss nutrition and herbal merchandises. This partnership created GNC shops within Rite Aid drugstores across the state ( Rite Aid 2010 ) . † This has proven to be a matrimony made in Eden. making a carbon monoxide marketed line of vitamins and nutritionary addendums called PhamAssure sold by both companies. Rite Aid has kept up with its rivals. Walgreens and CVS. every bit good as kept up with the times by offering prescription orders online at hypertext transfer protocol: //www. riteaid. com/pharmacy/ and same twenty-four hours pickup. Rite Aid is the 3rd largest retail apothecarys shop concatenation in the United States based on grosss and figure of shops. In their shops. they sell prescription drugs and a broad mixture of other ware. which is referred to as ‘‘front-end’’ merchandises. â€Å"In financial 2009. prescription drug gross revenues accounted for 67. 2 % of entire gross revenues. It is believed that pharmaceutics operations will go on to stand for a important portion of concern due to favourable industry tendencies. including an aging population. increased life anticipation. awaited growing in the federally funded Medicare Part D prescription plan as ‘‘baby boomers’’ get down to inscribe in 2011 and the find of new and better drug therapies. Approximately 28. 000 front-end merchandises. which accounted for the staying 32. 8 % of entire gross revenues in financial 2009. are offered. Front terminal merchandises include nonprescription medicines. wellness and beauty AIDSs. personal attention points. cosmetics. family points. drinks. convenience nutrients. recognizing cards. seasonal ware and legion other mundane and convenience merchandises. every bit good as exposure processing ( Rite Aid 2010 ) . † Rite Aid’s central office is located at 30 Hunter Lane. Camp Hill. Pennsylvania and their web site is http: //www. riteaid. com/ . Their common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol of ‘‘RAD’’ . They were incorporated in 1968 and are a Delaware corporation. One of the highlighted points contained in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview include the fact that Rite Aid incurred a $ 2. 915. 4 million dollar net loss for financial 2009. Some cardinal factors that impacted that net loss are 1 ) a write-down of good will. 2 ) income revenue enhancement rating allowance accommodations. 3 ) shop shutting and damage charges. 4 ) LIFO charges. and 5 ) acquisition of Brooks Eckerd. Hearers from Deloitte and Touche LLP. of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. gave Rite Aid an unqualified sentiment on their internal control over fiscal coverage. every bit good as for fiscal statements and fiscal statement agenda. Mary F. Sammons. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. along with the remainder of Rite Aid’s Board of Directors have a program to do financial 2010 more profitable than the latter. Those programs include unlocking the value of a diverse shop base. better client trueness by bettering client and associate satisfaction. bring forth positive hard currency flow by taking unneeded costs out of the concern and bettering operating efficiencies and cut down debt by manner of the coevals of operating hard currency flow and betterments in working capital direction. By put to deathing on these ends Rite Aid feels they can better shareholder value even in a hard economic environment. Mentions Rite Aid. ( 2010 ) . Annual reports/proxy statements. Retrieved March 15. 2010. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. riteaid. com/company/investors/anrpts/index. jsf

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Ocd Essays (493 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis,

Ocd What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder? Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the anxiety disorders and is potentially disabling condition according to national institute of mental health, NIMH (2000). Individuals with OCD become trapped in a pattern of repetitive thoughts and behaviors that can be senseless and distressing but are extremely hard to over come. Such as checking things repeatedly (e.g. doors, locks and stoves), constant counting either ?in ones head? or outwardly, etc. Most of theses obsessions are persistent fears that harm may come to self or a loved one, or an unreasonable concern with becoming contaminated, also excessive need for perfection. According to NIMH (2000), sometimes the obsessions are of a violent or a sexual nature, or concern illness. ?Although once thought to be rare, OCD afflicts as many as five million Americans or one in fifty. The disorder is found uniformly in men, women, children and people of all races and socio-economic backgrounds.? (Maidment 1999) According to NIMH (2000), OCD usually begins in adolescence or early adult hood, it may begin in the early childhood years. Onset age is earlier in males between ages 6 and 15 years and between ages 20 and 29 in females. In most cases onset is gradual but some acute onset cases have been noted. Most people with OCD struggle to hide their illness for fear of thought of being ?outcast?, fear of medication and fear of facing ones fears in behavior therapy. ?Usually people hide their illness because of feeling shame for doing/thinking such bizarre things? (Susan F, OC foundation, 1999) They are often successful in concealing their disorder. More often than not they are successful in concealing their obsessive-compulsive symptoms from friends and co-workers. An unfortunate consequence of this secrecy is that people usually do not receive professional help until years after the onset of their disease. By that time, they may have learned to work their lives around the rituals. Treatment for OCD usually comes down to two most effective treatments, which are drug therapy and behavior therapy. It is common that the most effective of these the two can be used together. ?The most effective medications are the SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Prozac, Paxil, Luvox, and Zoloft as well as the Tricyclic Anafranil.? (Saxena, 1999) These medications generally help but decreased symptoms are any where from 40%-95% success, but each individual is varies. The medications can take anywhere from six to twelve weeks to start showing effect. According to NIMH (2000) the primary behavior therapy uses for OCD treatment is exposure and response prevention. This type is usually most effective. Most people with OCD struggle to banish their unwanted, obsessive thought and to prevent them selves from engaging in compulsive behavior. This resistance can lead to a crippling disorder, with OCD so sever that time consuming rituals take over the sufferers' lives, making it impossible for them to continue activities outside the home. Psychology

Sunday, November 24, 2019

General Sir William Howe in the American Revolution

General Sir William Howe in the American Revolution General Sir William Howe was a central figure during the early years of the American Revolution (1775-1783) when he served as commander of British forces in North America. A distinguished veteran of the French and Indian War, he took part in many of the conflicts campaigns in Canada. In the years after the war, Howe and his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, were sympathetic to the concerns of the colonists. Despite this, he accepted a post to fight the Americans in 1775. Assuming command in North America the following year, Howe conducted successful campaigns that saw him capture both New York City and Philadelphia. Though victorious on the battlefield, he consistently failed to destroy General George Washingtons army and departed for Britain in 1778. Early Life William Howe was born August 10, 1729, and was the third son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe and his wife Charlotte. His grandmother had been the mistress of King George I and as a result Howe and his three brothers were the illegitimate uncles of King George III. Influential in the halls of power, Emanuel Howe served as Governor of Barbados while his wife regularly attended the courts of King George II and King George III. Attending Eton, the younger Howe followed his two elder brothers into the military on September 18, 1746 when he purchased a commission as a coronet in Cumberlands Light Dragoons. A quick study, he was promoted to lieutenant the following year and saw service in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession.  Elevated to captain on January 2, 1750, Howe transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot. While with the unit, he befriended Major James Wolfe under whom he would serve in North America during the French and Indian War. Fighting in North America On January 4, 1756, Howe was appointed major of the newly formed 60th Regiment (re-designated 58th in 1757) and traveled with the unit to North America for operations against the French.  Promoted to lieutenant colonel in December 1757, he served in Major General Jeffery Amhersts army during its campaign to capture Cape Breton Island. In this role he took part in Amhersts successful siege of Louisbourg that summer where he commanded the regiment. During the campaign, Howe earned a commendation for making a daring amphibious landing while under fire. With the death of his brother, Brigadier General George Howe at the Battle of Carillon that July, William attained a seat in Parliament representing Nottingham.  This was aided by his mother who campaigned on his behalf while he was overseas as she believed that a seat in Parliament would aid in advancing her sons military career. Battle of Quebec Remaining in North America, Howe served in Wolfes campaign against Quebec in 1759. This began with a failed effort at Beauport on July 31 that saw the British suffer a bloody defeat. Unwilling to press the attack at Beauport, Wolfe decided cross the St. Lawrence River and land at  Anse-au-Foulon to the southwest. This plan was executed and on September 13, Howe led the initial light infantry assault which secured the road up to the Plains of Abraham. Appearing outside of the city, the British opened the the Battle of Quebec later that day and won a decisive victory. Remaining in the region, he helped defend Quebec through the winter, including participation in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, before aiding in Amhersts capture of Montreal the following year. Colonial Tensions Returning to Europe, Howe took part in the siege of Belle ÃŽle in 1762 and was offered the military governorship of the island.  Preferring to remain in active military service, he declined this post and instead served as the adjutant general of the force that assaulted Havana, Cuba in 1763.  With the end of the conflict, Howe returned to England. Appointed colonel of the 46th Regiment of Foot in Ireland in 1764, he was elevated to governor of the Isle of Wight four years later. Recognized as a gifted commander, Howe was promoted to major general in 1772, and a short time later took over training of the armys light infantry units. Representing a largely Whig constituency in Parliament, Howe opposed the Intolerable Acts and preached reconciliation with the American colonists as tensions grew in 1774 and early 1775. His feelings were shared by his brother, Admiral Richard Howe. Though publicly stating that he would resist service against the Americans, he accepted the position as second-in-command of British forces in America. American Revolution Begins Stating that he was ordered, and could not refuse, Howe sailed for Boston with Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne. Arriving May 15, Howe brought reinforcements for General Thomas Gage. Under siege in the city following the American victories at Lexington and Concord, the British were forced to take action on June 17 when American forces fortified Breeds Hill on the Charlestown Peninsula overlooking the city. Lacking a sense of urgency, the British commanders spent much of the morning discussing plans and making preparations while the Americans worked to strengthen their position. While Clinton favored an amphibious attack to cut off the American line of retreat, Howe advocated a more conventional frontal attack. Taking the conservative route, Gage ordered Howe to move forward with a direct assault. Bunker Hill In the resulting Battle of Bunker Hill, Howes men succeeded in driving off the Americans but sustained over 1,000 casualties in capturing their works. Though a victory, the battle deeply influenced Howe and crushed his initial belief that the rebels represented only a small part of the American people. A dashing, daring commander earlier in his career, the high losses at Bunker Hill made Howe more conservative and less inclined to attack strong enemy positions. Battle of Bunker Hill. Photograph Source: Public Domain Knighted that year, Howe was temporarily appointed commander-in-chief on October 10 (it was made permanent in April 1776) when Gage returned to England. Assessing the strategic situation, Howe and his superiors in London planned to establish bases in New York and Rhode Island in 1776 with the goal of isolating the rebellion and containing it in New England. Forced out of Boston on March 17, 1776, after General George Washington emplaced guns on Dorchester Heights, Howe withdrew with the army to Halifax, Nova Scotia. New York There, a new campaign was planned with the goal of taking New York. Landing on Staten Island on July 2, Howes army soon swelled to over 30,000 men. Crossing to Gravesend Bay, Howe exploited the light American defenses at Jamaica Pass and succeeded in flanking Washingtons army.  The resulting Battle of Long Island on August 26/27 saw the Americans beaten and forced to retreat. Falling back to fortifications at Brooklyn Heights, the Americans awaited a British assault. Based on his earlier experiences, Howe was reluctant to attack and began siege operations. Battle of Long Island by Alonzo Chappel. Public Domain This hesitation allowed Washingtons army to escape to Manhattan. Howe was soon joined by his brother who had orders to act as a peace commissioner. On September 11, 1776, the Howes met with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Edward Rutledge on Staten Island. While the American representatives demanded recognition of independence, the Howes were only permitted to extend pardons to those rebels who submitted to British authority. Their offer refused, they began active operations against New York City. Landing on Manhattan on September 15, Howe suffered a setback at Harlem Heights the next day but ultimately forced Washington from the island and later drove him from a defensive position at the Battle of White Plains. Rather than pursue Washingtons beaten army, Howe returned to New York to secure Forts Washington and Lee. New Jersey Again showing an unwillingness to eliminate Washingtons army, Howe soon moved into winter quarters around New York and only dispatched a small force under Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis to create a safe zone in northern New Jersey. He also dispatched Clinton to occupy Newport, RI. Recovering in Pennsylvania, Washington was able to win victories at Trenton, Assunpink Creek, Princeton in December and January. As a result, Howe pulled back many of his outposts. While Washington continued small-scale operations during the winter, Howe was content to remain in New York enjoying a full social calendar. Two Plans In the spring of 1777, Burgoyne proposed a plan for defeating the Americans which called for him to lead an army south through Lake Champlain to Albany while a second column advanced east from Lake Ontario. These advances were to be supported by an advance north from New York by Howe. While this plan was approved by Colonial Secretary Lord George Germain, Howes role was never clearly defined nor was he issued orders from London to aid Burgoyne. As a result, though Burgoyne moved forward, Howe launched his own campaign to capture the American capital at Philadelphia. Left on his own, Burgoyne was defeated in the critical Battle of Saratoga. Philadelphia Captured Sailing south from New York, Howe moved up the Chesapeake Bay and landed at Head of Elk on August 25, 1777. Moving north into Delaware, his men skirmished with the Americans at Coochs Bridge on September 3. Pressing on, Howe defeated Washington at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11. Outmaneuvering the Americans, he captured Philadelphia without a fight eleven days later. Concerned about Washingtons army, Howe left a small garrison in the city and moved northwest. Fighting around Cliveden during the Battle of Germantown. Photograph Source: Public Domain On October 4, he won a near-run victory at the Battle of Germantown. In the wake of the defeat, Washington retreated into winter quarters at Valley Forge. Having taken the city, Howe also worked to open the Delaware River to British shipping.  This saw his men defeated at Red Bank but victorious in the Siege of Fort  Mifflin. Under severe criticism in England for failing to crush the Americans and feeling he had lost the kings confidence, Howe requested to be relieved on October 22. After attempting to lure Washington into battle late that fall, Howe and the army entered winter quarters in Philadelphia. Again enjoying a lively social scene, Howe received word that his resignation had been accepted on April 14, 1778. Later Life Arriving in England, Howe entered into the debate over the conduct of the war and published a defense of his actions. Made a privy counselor and Lieutenant General of the Ordnance in 1782, Howe remained in active service. With the outbreak of the French Revolution he served in a variety of senior commands in England. Made a full general in 1793, he died on July 12, 1814, after a prolonged illness, while serving as governor of Plymouth. An adept battlefield commander, Howe was beloved by his men but received little credit for his victories in America. Slow and indolent by nature, his greatest failure was an inability to follow up on his successes.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Improving a Corporate Tool That Shifts Workload from UK Employees to Essay

Improving a Corporate Tool That Shifts Workload from UK Employees to Sourcing Centers in Emerging Economies - Essay Example Another of its many uses is to help with the investigating of existing third party agreements for internal and customer engagements. Most commonly they are used to source third party contracts& agreements (Great Britain, 40, 2006).   Methodology The current problem is discussed below. Hewlett-Packard is one of the leading IT firms worldwide, founded in 1939 by Bill Hewlett & Dave Packard. HP operates many markets within the technology sector including: PC, Laptops, Personal Printers, Industrial Printers, Storage, Networking, etc. HP has been recognized as a leading IT firm since its early days, however in recent times it has become scandal prone through various CEO changes and bad acquisitions. Since January 2010 until now HP has undergone 4 CEO changes from Mark Hurd (April 2005- August 2010) to Meg Whitman (September 2011 – Present), along with the 4 CEO changes came two major failed acquisitions for HP: Palm Inc. (2010) a struggling mobile phone provider was purchased for $1.2billion, 1 year later Palms Smart phones, tablets &webOS devises where discontinued by HP (Information Resources Management Association, & Khosrowpour, 55, 1997).   About the Company and the problem Autonomy acquired for $11.1billion quickly turned out to be overvalued by ?8.8billion and this debt was written off by HP during the last fiscal year 2012.Following these changes HP has been seen as unstable and risky by investors and shareholders, this has reflected in HPs share price by plummeting over %50 in the last 5 years (Hewlett-Packard). Through these struggling times our Voice of the Workforce (VOW) a questionnaire about employees job satisfaction held annually by HP was better than expected but still left room for improvement. The latest VOW from July 2011 –... This essay approves that the benefits of the tool are far much more than the weakness. Therefore, as discussed above, the new tool will increase the efficiency and effectiveness in the management of the turnaround times. This will happen through the following four critical Sourcecon successes; one, the request pipeline will be managed by the GC’s Delivery Assurance team. Two, the BP’s and stakeholders will receive automated notification in case there are any changes in status. This will enable them to timely correct the forms in case of any mistakes. Three, the requests will be automatically directed to the solution owners This report makes a conclusion that to implement Sourcecon, one must first access the GP followed by BUs access. Through the procurement central home page, one will be able to access Sourcecon. Here, there will be detailed interface showing the key roles of the SourceCon requester, recipient assigning manager, recipient solution, GP Strategic Business, Partners/Go to market. In addition, one will be able to access the roles of the CDA. Thus, depending with the interest of the user, he/she will choose the most suitable role. After which, one will be able to access the SourceCon request form. It is this form that must be filled in. after submitting the request form; it is possible to see the submission response. In addition, one will receive any updates and notifications. Usually these are received through the request life cycle. The SourceCon information’s are confidential and cannot be accessed by any unauthorized person. This means that, there is no fear or call for alarm, un like the NRTs.